Kehamilan (Gestasi)

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Implantasi

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Fertilisasi

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Animasi pembuahan ganda

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Animasi Sistem Pencernaan

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Anthrax

Anthrax
In nature, anthrax is rare and typically only strikes grazing animals, such as cows and sheep. The anthrax bacterium can live in the soil for decades as a tough spore. Ingested, inhaled, or after entering a wound, spores can come to life--germinating into metabolically active bacteria, reproducing, and releasing deadly toxins. When an animal dies from anthrax and begins to rot, the bacteria are exposed to the air, which stimulates them to develop into tough spores again. Humans rarely get anthrax (also called woolsorter's disease), but when they do, it is usually through occupational exposure to infected animals or animal products. Terrorists, however, have also exposed humans to these spores, increasing the number of anthrax cases in the human population. 

animasi Anthrax

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The Rise in Antibiotic Resistance

The Rise in Antibiotic Resistance
More than 70 years ago, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and set in motion a medical revolution. In 1943, penicillin was mass-produced and saved many wounded soldiers from death by bacterial infection. Yet even as we enjoy the benefits of antibiotics, their use promotes antibiotic resistance in bacteria. By confronting bacteria with antibiotics, we select for those that are resistant and change the course of their evolution. In fact, just three years after the first mass-production of penicillin, resistant bacteria began to appear. View the animation to learn more about the rise in antibiotic resistance. 

animasi The Rise in Antibiotic Resistance

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Bacteria in Peptic Ulcer Disease

Bacteria in Peptic Ulcer Disease
The bacterium Helicobacter pylori makes its living in the acidic interior of the human stomach, where it causes most cases of peptic ulcers. Scientists suspect that the bacteria travel on a fecal-oral transmission route, infecting people early in childhood and then fluorishing in the stomach for the lifetime of the host. H. pylori is associated with gastritis, peptic ulcers, and stomach cancer. An infection can be eliminated with a regimen of antibiotics. View the animation to learn more about this bacterium.

animasi Bacteria in Peptic Ulcer Disease

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Gene Therapy

Gene Therapy   A few years ago, a clinical trial began in France in the hope of curing children with a type of genetic immune deficiency called SCID-X1. Children with this disease have a defective gene, called gamma-c, which prevents a subset of the cells of the immune system from forming, and predisposes the children to life-threatening infections. In an attempt to cure the children—who would otherwise die at a young age—physicians used gene therapy to provide them with normal gamma-c genes.
This particular trial has had striking success as well as tragedy. Eight of the eleven children are currently thriving. However, in two cases the therapy successfully introduced gamma-c genes, but these children have since developed leukemia. In both children, a gamma-c gene inserted next to another gene, called LMO2. The LMO2 gene has previously been linked to leukemia, and scientists speculate that the insertion of the gamma-c gene next to LMO2 may have overstimulated the gene, causing T cells to proliferate in excess. An LMO2 effect, in combination with the proliferation-inducing effects of the gamma-c gene itself, may be the cause of the leukemia in these two patients. Scientists are still investigating other possible causes.
From this single trial, it is clear that gene therapy holds significant promise, yet it is also clear that it poses significant risks. To learn more about the application of gene therapy in SCID, view the accompanying animation.

animasi Gene Therapy

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Human Embryonic Stem Cells

 Human Embryonic Stem Cells  

One of the most exciting frontiers in medicine is the potential use of stem cells for treating a host of congenital, developmental, or degenerative diseases for which there are no cures. Cell replacement strategies are particularly relevant in tissues and organs that have little capacity for self-repair. One such organ is the brain; nerve cells or neurons are known to be very restricted in their capacity to regenerate following damage or disease, and the adult brain and spinal cord appear to have only a limited ability to produce new neurons. This is one reason why recovery is often limited when the nervous system is injured.

The goal of cell replacement is to develop therapies where stem cells are first induced to differentiate into specified cells of choice, then transplanted into patients to replace damaged or dysfunctional tissues. It is hoped that the replacement and integration of lost cells will be able to restore functions and behaviors compromised by the disease condition.

Embryonic stem cells possess two properties that make them especially well suited for cell therapy. First, because embryonic stem cells are obtained from early blastocysts, they are at a very early developmental stage, and retain the flexibility to become any one of the more than 200 cell types that make up the human body. Given the right combination of signals, embryonic stem cells will develop into mature cells that can function as neurons, muscles, bone, blood or other needed cell types. Stem cells with such flexibility are described as "pluripotent," to indicate their high potential to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types.

A second feature of embryonic stem cells is their ability to remain in an undifferentiated state and to divide indefinitely. This property of "self-renewal" means that essentially unlimited numbers of identical, well-defined, genetically and genomically characterized stem cells can be produced in culture for medical use.

View the animation to learn more about embryonic stem cells, and their potential for the treatment of type I diabetes. 

animasi Human Embryonic Stem Cells
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Plasmodium and Malaria

Malaria: Cooperation among Parasite, Vector, and Host

The malaria parasite requires specific human and mosquito tissues to complete its life cycle. Once inside a human, the parasite develops and multiplies, causing periodic bouts of flu-like symptoms, including fever, headache, and chills. The developing parasites destroy red blood cells, which may cause death by severe anemia as well as by the clogging of capillaries that supply the brain or other vital organs with blood. The deadliest of the four species of the parasite is Plasmodium falciparum, a species most likely to be transmitted by the mosquito Anopheles gambiae.
The genomes of humans, A. gambiae, and P. falciparum have recently been sequenced, and hopefully this information will point the way to new avenues of vaccination, treatment, or eradication of this disease. Click on the adjacent thumbnail for more information about the life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum within a mosquito and a human.

animasi Plasmodium and Malaria
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Animated Tutorials: Environmental Science

How a Solar Cell Works
The Global Carbon Cycle
The Phosphorous Cycle
The Greenhouse Effect  

Sample Simulations: Ecology

Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey
Biogeography
Optimal Foraging
Growth/Reproduction Trade-offs  

General Biotechnology Animations

What are Human Embryonic Stem Cells?
Embryonic Stem Cells and Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (extended version)
Potential Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells to Treat Disease (alternate version)
Immunohistochemistry: The Unlabeled Antibody Perioxidase-Antiperoxidase (PAP) Method
In Vitro Fertilization
DNA Chip Technology
How a Pregnancy Test Works
Paternity Testing
Protein InstaStain Kit (product marketing sample)       

Animated Tutorials: Molecular Biology

Muscle Contraction
Intermediate Filaments
Life Cycle of a Protein
Life Cycle of an mRNA
Plasmid Cloning
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Protein Secretion
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Polyribosomes
Translation
mRNA Splicing
Extracellular Signaling
Producing Monoclonal Antibodies
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
Yeast Two-Hybrid System
The Structure of DNA
The Human Genome
High-Throughput Sequencing                

Animated Tutorials, Neurobiology/Biopsychology

Neuronal Development
Synaptic Transmission
The Action Potential
The Resting Membrane Potential
Sensitization in Aplysia
The Voltage Clamp Method
AMPA and NMDA Receptors
Sound Transduction
The Vestibular System
Visual Pathways in the Human Brain
Receptive Fields in the Retina
Reflex Arcs
Receptors of the Skin
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Animated Tutorial, Microbiology

Cell Fractionation
Preparation of a Microautoradiogram
Streak Plate Procedure
Influenza Virus Entry into a Cell
Life Cycle of HIV, a Retrovirus
ATP Synthase Mechanism
Light-Driven Ion Pumps and Sensors
Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus
Isolation and Screening of Antibiotic Producers       

Animated Tutorial, General Biology

Meiosis
Mitosis
The Evolution of Cellular Organelles
Cellular Respiration
Evolution in Action
High-Throughput Sequencing
Reflex Arcs
Human Embryonic Stem Cells
The Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
Heat Changes Protein Structure
The Mammalian Kidney
Independent Assortment of Alleles
Construction of a DNA Library
Life Cycle of a Moss
Life Cycle of an Angiosperm
The Meselson-Stahl Experiment
Harvesting Light
Translation-Linked Protein Secretion
Life Cycle of HIV, a Retrovirus
Gel Electrophoresis
DNA Chip Technology
Independent Assortment and Gamete Diversity
Nonspecific Inflammatory Response
Simple Stimuli Trigger Fixed Behaviors
The Scientific Method
Vesicle Budding and Fusing
Time-Compensated Solar Compass
Electron Transport: Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions
Measuring Blood Pressure
Blood Flow through the Human Heart
The Synapse
Carrier Proteins
Action Potentials
Polyribosomes
Mistakes in Meiosis
Mendel's Experiments
The lac Operon

Air

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Virus

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